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---
title: "Formulas"
description: "NocoDB Formulas Syntaxes and Functions"
position: 570
category: "Product"
menuTitle: "Formulas"
---
## Adding formula column
![Formula](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/86527202/144246227-42c44df6-7e3e-4b2c-9bb9-a3c213bcad20.png)
### 1. Click on '+' (Add column)
### 2. Populate column Name
### 3. Select column Type as 'Formula'
### 4. Insert required formula
- You can use explicit numerical values/ strings as needed, e.g. `123` (numeric) or `"123"` (string).
- You can reference column names in equation with `{}`, e.g. `{column_name}`, if the column name conflicts with literals
- Table below lists supported formula & associated syntax
- Nested formula (formula equation referring to another formula column) is supported
### 5. Click on 'Save'
## Available Formula Features
### Numeric Functions
| Name | Syntax | Sample | Output |
|-------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **ABS** | `ABS(value)` | `ABS({Column})` | Absolute value of the input parameter |
| **ADD** | `ADD(value1,[value2,...])` | `ADD({Column1}, {Column2})` | Sum of input parameters |
| **AVG** | `AVG(value1,[value2,...])` | `AVG({Column1}, {Column2})` | Average of input parameters |
| **CEILING** | `CEILING(value)` | `CEILING({Column})` | Rounded next largest integer value of input parameter |
| **EXP** | `EXP(value)` | `EXP({Column})` | Exponential value of input parameter (`e^x`) |
| **FLOOR** | `FLOOR(value)` | `FLOOR({Column})` | Rounded largest integer less than or equal to input parameter |
| **INT** | `INT(value)` | `INT({Column})` | Integer value of input parameter |
| **LOG** | `LOG([base], value)` | `LOG(10, {Column})` | Logarithm of input parameter to the base (default = e) specified |
| **MAX** | `MAX(value1,[value2,...])` | `MAX({Column1}, {Column2}, {Column3})` | Maximum value amongst input parameters |
| **MIN** | `MIN(value1,[value2,...])` | `MIN({Column1}, {Column2}, {Column3})` | Minimum value amongst input parameters |
| **MOD** | `MOD(value1, value2)` | `MOD({Column}, 2)` | Remainder after integer division of input parameters |
| **POWER** | `POWER(base, exponent)` | `POWER({Column}, 3)` | `base` to the `exponent` power, as in `base ^ exponent` |
| **ROUND** | `ROUND(value)` | `ROUND({Column})` | Nearest integer to the input parameter |
| **SQRT** | `SQRT(value)` | `SQRT({Column})` | Square root of the input parameter |
### Numeric Operators
| Operator | Sample | Description |
| -------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------------- |
| `+` | `{Column1} + {Column2} + 2` | Addition of numeric values |
| `-` | `{Column1} - {Column2}` | Subtraction of numeric values |
| `*` | `{Column1} * {Column2}` | Multiplication of numeric values |
| `/` | `{Column1} / {Column2}` | Division of numeric values |
<alert type="success">
Tip :To change the order of arithmetic operation, you can use round bracket parantheses (). <br/>
Example: ({Column1} + ({Column2} * {Column3}) / (3 - $Column4$ ))
</alert>
### String Functions
| Name | Syntax | Sample | Output |
|-------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **CONCAT** | `CONCAT(str1, [str2,...])` | `CONCAT({Column1}, ' ', {Column2})` | Concatenated string of input parameters |
| **LEFT** | `LEFT(str1, n)` | `LEFT({Column}, 3)` | `n` characters from the beginning of input parameter |
| **LEN** | `LEN(str)` | `LEN({Column})` | Input parameter character length |
| **LOWER** | `LOWER(str)` | `LOWER({Column})` | Lower case converted string of input parameter |
| **MID** | `MID(str, position, [count])` | `MID({Column}, 3, 2)` | Alias for `SUBSTR` |
| **REPEAT** | `REPEAT(str, count)` | `REPEAT({Column}, 2)` | Specified copies of the input parameter string concatenated together |
| **REPLACE** | `REPLACE(str, srchStr, rplcStr)` | `REPLACE({Column}, 'int', 'num')` | String, after replacing all occurrences of `srchStr` with `rplcStr` |
| **RIGHT** | `RIGHT(str, n)` | `RIGHT({Column}, 3)` | `n` characters from the end of input parameter |
| **SEARCH** | `SEARCH(str, srchStr)` | `SEARCH({Column}, 'str')` | Index of `srchStr` specified if found, 0 otherwise |
| **SUBSTR** | `SUBTR(str, position, [count])` | `SUBSTR({Column}, 3, 2)` | Substring of length 'count' of input string, from the postition specified |
| **TRIM** | `TRIM(str)` | `TRIM({Column})` | Remove trailing and leading whitespaces from input parameter |
| **UPPER** | `UPPER(str)` | `UPPER({Column})` | Upper case converted string of input parameter |
| **URL** | `URL(str)` | `URL({Column})` | Convert to a hyperlink if it is a valid URL |
### Date Functions
| Name | Syntax | Sample | Output | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **NOW** | `NOW()` | `NOW()` | 2022-05-19 17:20:43 | Returns the current time and day |
| | `IF(NOW() < {DATE_COL}, "true", "false")` | `IF(NOW() < date, "true", "false")` | If current date is less than {DATE_COL}, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns false. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. |
| **DATEADD** | `DATEADD(date \| datetime, value, ["day" \| "week" \| "month" \| "year"])` | `DATEADD(date, 1, 'day')` | Supposing {DATE_COL} is 2022-03-14. The result is 2022-03-15. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. Example: `DATEADD(DATE_TIME_COL, -1, 'day')` |
| | | `DATEADD(date, 1, 'week')` | Supposing {DATE_COL} is 2022-03-14 03:14. The result is 2022-03-21 03:14. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. Example: `DATEADD(DATE_TIME_COL, -1, 'week')` |
| | | `DATEADD(date, 1, 'month')` | Supposing {DATE_COL} is 2022-03-14 03:14. The result is 2022-04-14 03:14. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. Example: `DATEADD(DATE_TIME_COL, -1, 'month')` |
| | | `DATEADD(date, 1, 'year')` | Supposing {DATE_COL} is 2022-03-14 03:14. The result is 2023-03-14 03:14. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. Example: `DATEADD(DATE_TIME_COL, -1, 'year')` |
| | | `IF(NOW() < DATEADD(date,10,'day'), "true", "false")` | If the current date is less than {DATE_COL} plus 10 days, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns false. | DateTime columns and negative values are supported. |
### Logical Operators
| Operator | Sample | Description |
| -------- | -------------------- | ------------------------ |
| `<` | `{Column1} < {Column2}` | Less than |
| `>` | `{Column1} > {Column2}` | Greater than |
| `<=` | `{Column1} <= {Column2}` | Less than or equal to |
| `>=` | `{Column1} >= {Column2}` | Greater than or equal to |
| `==` | `{Column1} == {Column2}` | Equal to |
| `!=` | `{Column1} != {Column2}` | Not equal to |
### Conditional Expressions
| Name | Syntax | Sample | Output |
|------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| **IF** | `IF(expr, successCase, elseCase)` | `IF({Column} > 1, Value1, Value2)` | successCase if `expr` evaluates to TRUE, elseCase otherwise |
| **SWITCH** | `SWITCH(expr, [pattern, value, ..., default])` | `SWITCH({Column}, 1, 'One', 2, 'Two', '--')` | Switch case value based on `expr` output |
| **AND** | `AND(expr1, [expr2,...])` | `AND({Column} > 2, {Column} < 10)` | TRUE if all `expr` evaluate to TRUE |
| **OR** | `OR(expr1, [expr2,...])` | `OR({Column} > 2, {Column} < 10)` | TRUE if at least one `expr` evaluates to TRUE |
Logical operators, along with Numerical operators can be used to build conditional `expressions`.
Examples:
```
IF({marksSecured} > 80, "GradeA", "GradeB")
```
```
SWITCH({quarterNumber},
1, 'Jan-Mar',
2, 'Apr-Jun',
3, 'Jul-Sep',
4, 'Oct-Dec',
'INVALID'
)
```