Since [1] the gerrit project includes jgit as a submodule, and has this
warning enabled, resulting in 100s of warnings in the console.
Also enable the warning here, and fix them.
At the same time, add missing braces around adjacent and nearby one-line
blocks.
[1] https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/c/gerrit/+/227897
Change-Id: I81df3fc7ed6eedf6874ce1a3bedfa727a1897e4c
Signed-off-by: David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com>
On changing a ref, the old SHA1 is not updated in the object => ref
mapping. This means search by object ID may still turn up a ref from
deeper within the stack. To fix this, check all refs produced by the
merged iterator against the merged reftables.
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Change-Id: I41e9cd395b0608eedeeaead0a9fd997238d747c9
The flag enabling sideband-all is used in two places: in UploadPack
for advertisement and in the protocol parser to read it from the
request.
This leds to problems in distributed deployments where the two requests of
a fetch can go to different servers with different configurations.
Use the existing allowsidebandall to accept the sideband-all request
(and respond to it) and introduce a new "advertisesidebandall" to toggle
the advertising of the feature.
Change-Id: I892d541bc3f321606c89bad1d333b079dce6b5fa
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
Note that TreeWalk.forPath() needs not be closed; the ObjectReader
_is_ closed when that method returns.
Change-Id: I6e022e4a2fde0c88d610a82de092ea541b33f75c
Signed-off-by: Thomas Wolf <thomas.wolf@paranor.ch>
The object identifying packfiles to send them via packfile-uri contains
only the uri and the hash. This is the information that goes through the
wire. It would be useful to know also the size of those packfile, for
example to track how many bytes have been offloaded to HTTP.
Add size field the CachedPackUriProvider.PackInfo object.
Change-Id: If6b921b48a4764d936141c777879b148cc80bbd3
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
The DELIM and END constants are deprecated and using them causes
warnings. Replace them with the accessor methods.
Change-Id: Iadb27000755e8fd8c61d9218591f9d110b8265c8
Signed-off-by: David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com>
Also correctly parse the "always" value (allowed in canonical git
since git 2.12.0[1]). Adapt the ReflogWriter.
[1] https://github.com/git/git/commit/341fb2862
Bug: 551664
Change-Id: I051c76ca355a2ac8d6092de65f44b18bf9aeb125
Signed-off-by: Thomas Wolf <thomas.wolf@paranor.ch>
MergedReftable is not used as an AutoCloseable, because closing tables
is currently handled by DfsReftableStack#close.
Encode that a MergedReftable is a list of ReftableReaders. The previous
code suggested that we could form nested trees of MergedReftables,
which is not how we use reftables.
Change-Id: Icbe2fee8a5a12373f45fc5f97d8b1a2b14231c96
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Otherwise the paths modified by a cherry-pick with conflicts won't be
reported as modified via WorkingTreeModifiedEvents.
Change-Id: I875b67c0d2f68efdf90a9c32b80a2e074ed3570d
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Wolf <thomas.wolf@paranor.ch>
This makes the intended use of the classes more clear. It also
simplifies generic functions that write reftables: they only need a
ReftableWriter as argument, as the stream is carried within the
ReftableWriter.
Change-Id: Idbb06f89ae33100f0c0b562cc38e5b3b026d5181
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
In https://git.eclipse.org/r/c/144009/ UploadPack tests moved from
thrown to assertThrows, but newly introduced tests are still using
the thrown.
Update test so all of them use assertThrows.
Change-Id: I0ff19a6f8ba9e978d8ffc7a912c0572d9f00c7fa
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
Make a general test with all the cases, like request
advertised/unadvertised tips, reachable/unreachable from those tips,
commits/blobs.
Implement specific validator tests as subclasses. Each test provides the
validator instance and tells what cases are valid.
Change-Id: I7f961fcc05f7fabbeae1ba8ff73d99072ce8fc72
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
UploadPackTest is already too long and it is covering too many aspects
of UploadPack. This makes difficult to see what is tests and if all
cases are covered.
Move the reachability-related tests to its own file. This moves also an
auxiliary function, reducing the length of UploadPack. Complete also the
coverage, adding combinations of bitmap availability/commits or
blobs/reachable or not.
Change-Id: Id5cfc9d0118d997da30e3886c91db996a86250fc
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
Older JGit stored only milliseconds timestamps in the index. Newer
JGit may get finer timestamps from the file system. This leads to
slow index diffs when a new JGit runs against an index produced
by older JGit because many timestamps will differ and JGit will
then do many content checks. See [1].
Handle this migration case by only comparing milliseconds if the
index entry has only millisecond precision.
The inverse may also occur; also compare only milliseconds if the
file timestamp has only millisecond precision.
Do the same also for microsecond resolution. On Windows, NTFS may
provide 100ns resolution and may be used by external programs writing
the index, but Java's WindowsFileAttributes may provide only
microseconds.
File timestamp precision in Java depends not only on the Java APIs
used by different JGit versions but may also change when running the
same Java code on different VMs. And of course the resolution may
vary among operating and file systems. Moreover, timestamp precision
in the index depends on the program that wrote the index. Canonical
git may use a different resolution, maybe even different between git
versions.
[1] https://www.eclipse.org/forums/index.php/t/1100344/
Change-Id: Idfd08606c883cb98787b2138f9baf0cc89a57b56
Signed-off-by: Thomas Wolf <thomas.wolf@paranor.ch>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
allRefs determined the end of the ref block without accounting for
index or log blocks. This could cause other blocks to be interpreted
as ref blocks, leading to "invalid block" error messages.
Change-Id: I7b9323e7d5e0e7d64535b3ec1efd576aed1e9870
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Since commit c3b0dec509fe136c5417422f31898b5a4e2d5e02, Git has
disallowed writing a non-commit to refs/heads/* refs. JGit still
allows that, which can put users in a bad situation. For example,
git push origin v1.0:master
pushes the tag object v1.0 to refs/heads/master, instead of the
intended commit object v1.0^{commit}.
Prevent that by validating that the target of the ref points to a
commit object when pushing to refs/heads/*.
Git performs the same check at a lower level (in the RefDatabase). We
could do the same here, but for now let's start conservatively by
handling it in pushes first.
[jn: fleshed out commit message]
Change-Id: I8f98ae6d8acbcd5ef7553ec732bc096cb6eb7c4e
Signed-off-by: Yunjie Li <yunjieli@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrn@google.com>
PackedBatchRefUpdate was creating a new packed-refs list that was
potentially unsorted. This would be papered over when the list was
read back from disk in parsePackedRef, which detects unsorted ref
lists on reading, and sorts them. However, the BatchRefUpdate also
installed the new (unsorted) list in-memory in
RefDirectory#packedRefs.
With the timestamp granularity code committed to stable-5.1, we can
more often accurately decide that the packed-refs file is clean, and
will return the erroneous unsorted data more often. Unluckily timed
delays also cause the file to be clean, hence this problem was
exacerbated under load.
The symptom is that refs added by a BatchRefUpdate would stop being
visible directly after they were added. In particular, the Gerrit
integration tests uses BatchRefUpdate in its setup for creating the
Admin group, and then tries to read it out directly afterward.
The tests recreates one failure case. A better approach would be to
revise RefList.Builder, so it detects out-of-order lists and
automatically sorts them.
Fixes https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=548716 and
https://bugs.chromium.org/p/gerrit/issues/detail?id=11373.
Bug: 548716
Change-Id: I613c8059964513ce2370543620725b540b3cb6d1
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
The only usage of this test iterator was removed in df637928d. Hence
delete this iterator and associated test.
Change-Id: I47710133ec3edc675c21db210960c024982668c6
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
(cherry picked from commit a024759cf5)
This test case assumed file system timestamp resolution of 1 second. On
filesystems with a finer resolution this test fails since the index
entry is only smudged if the file index entry's lastModified and the
lastModified of the git index itself are within the same filesystem
timer tick. Fix this by ensuring that these timestamps are identical
which should work for any filesystem timer resolution.
Bug: 548188
Change-Id: Id84d59e1cfeb48fa008f8f27f2f892c4f73985de
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Signed-off-by: Christian Halstrick <christian.halstrick@sap.com>
(cherry picked from commit 1159f9dd7c)
By using File#setLastModified, we can create a racy git situation
stably.
Tested with --runs_per_test=100
Bug: 526111
Change-Id: I60b3632d353e19f335668325aa603640be423f58
Signed-off-by: Masaya Suzuki <masayasuzuki@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit df637928d2)
Move the handling of cached user and system config to getSystemConfig
and getUserConfig methods and revert the implementation of
openSystemConfig and openUserConfig to the old stateless
implementation.
This ensures the open methods respect the passed-in parent config, which
may be different on each invocation. Additionally, returning a new
instance matches the behavior of the previous implementation of the
default system reader, which downstream callers may be depending on.
Move the implementation of the new caching methods getSystemConfig and
getUserConfig up to SystemReader. This avoids that we break the ABI for
subclasses of SystemReader.
Also see [1] which fixed a similar problem with Gerrit's custom
SystemReader.
[1] https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/c/gerrit/+/225458
Change-Id: If54a2491932d8fc914d4649cb73c9e837c5b8ad0
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
When firstParent is set, RevWalk traverses only the first parent of a
commit, even though that commit is UNINTERESTING. Since we want the
maximal UNINTERESTING set, we shouldn't prune any parents here. This
issue is apparent only when some of the commits being traversed are
unparsed, since walker.carryFlagsImpl() propagates the UNINTERESTING
flag to all parsed ancestors, masking the issue.
Therefore teach RevWalk to traverse all parents when a commit is
UNINTERESTING and not only the first parent. Since this issue is
masked by commit parsing, also test situations when the commits
involved are unparsed.
Signed-off-by: Alex Spradlin <alexaspradlin@google.com>
Change-Id: I95e2ad9ae8f1f50fbecae674367ee7e0855519b1
It's expected that jgit should work without native git installation.
In such case Security Manager can be configured to deny access to the
files outside of git repository. JGit tries to find cygwin
installation. If Security manager restricts access to some folders
in PATH, it should be considered that those folders are absent
for jgit.
Also JGit tries to detect if symbolic links are supported by OS. If
security manager forbids creation of symlinks, it should be assumed
that symlinks aren't supported.
Bug: 550115
Change-Id: Ic4b243cada604bc1090db6cc1cfd74f0fa324b98
Signed-off-by: Nail Samatov <sanail@yandex.ru>
Teach UploadPack to take a provider of URIs corresponding to cached
packs. When fetching, if the client supports the packfile-uri feature,
and if such a cached pack were to be streamed, instead send the
corresponding URI.
This packfile-uri feature is implemented in the jt/fetch-cdn-offload
branch of Git. There is interest in this feature [1], but it is not yet
merged.
[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/cover.1552073690.git.jonathantanmy@google.com/
Change-Id: I9a32dae131c9c56ad2ff4a8a9638ae3b5e44dc15
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Tan <jonathantanmy@google.com>
Previously, the API did not enforce ordering of writes. Misuse of
this API would lead to data effectively being lost.
Guard against that with IllegalArgumentException, and add a test.
Change-Id: I04f55c481d60532fc64d35fa32c47037a03988ae
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Small reftables omit the log index. Currently,
ReftableWriter#shouldHaveIndex does this if there is a single-block
log, but other writers could decide on different criteria.
In the case that the log index is missing, we have to linearly search
for the right block. It is never appropriate to use binary search on
blocks for log data, as the blocks are compressed and therefore
irregularly sized.
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Change-Id: Id59874edf6bf45c7dec502d9465888e077ffe198
So far the git configuration and the system wide git configuration were
always reloaded when jgit accessed these global configuration files to
access global configuration options which are not in the context of a
single git repository. Cache these configurations in SystemReader and
only reload them if their file metadata observed using FileSnapshot
indicates a modification.
Change-Id: I092fe11a5d95f1c5799273cacfc7a415d0b7786c
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Wolf <thomas.wolf@paranor.ch>
Tests shall not modify ~/.gitconfig. When running tests with bazel this
test failed since bazel isolates tests in a sandbox.
Change-Id: I7dd092afd14972da58a95eb7c200d353f0959fa1
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
The method org.eclipse.jgit.util.FS.supportsAtomicCreateNewFile()
should default to true as mentioned in docs [1]
org.eclipse.jgit.util.FS_POSIX.supportsAtomicCreateNewFile() method
will set the value to false if the git config
core.supportsatomiccreatenewfile is not set.
It should default to true if the configuration is undefined.
[1]
4169a95a65/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/FS_POSIX.java (L372)
Bug: 544164
Change-Id: I16ccf989a89da2cf4975c200b3228b25ba4c0d55
Signed-off-by: Vishal Devgire <vishaldevgire@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
It missed to call the setup() method of its super class which prepares
the MockSystemReader
Change-Id: I39858749f8d0115fc6ac7edc8847ffb2bbc85c33
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
If we use the default system reader FileStoreAttributes cannot persist
attributes in userConfig when tests run in Bazel due to sandboxing.
Hence we need to ensure that all tests use MockSystemReader (and
especially a mocked userConfig).
Change-Id: Ic1ad8e2ec5a150c5433434a5f6667d6c4674c87d
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Move the implementation of the static equals() method to a new method
and suppress the error. Deprecate the old method to signal that we
intend to remove it in the next major release.
See https://errorprone.info/bugpattern/AmbiguousMethodReference
Change-Id: I5e29c97f4db3e11770be589a6ccd785e2c9ac7f2
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Error Prone reports:
[NarrowingCompoundAssignment] Compound assignments from long to int
hide lossy casts
and
[NarrowingCompoundAssignment] Compound assignments from int to byte
hide lossy casts
See https://errorprone.info/bugpattern/NarrowingCompoundAssignment
Fix the warnings by adding explicit casts or changing types as
necessary.
Now that all occurrences of the warning are fixed, increase its
severity to ERROR.
Change-Id: Idb3670e6047b146ae37daee07212ff9455512623
Signed-off-by: David Pursehouse <david.pursehouse@gmail.com>
- use FS.DETECTED instead of db.getFS() since the ssh config is
typically in a different place than the repository, the same is used in
OpenSshConfig
- reduce unnecessary repeated writes by introducing wait for one tick of
the file time resolution
Change-Id: Ifac915e97ff420ec5cf8e2f162e351f9f51b6b14
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Increase the safety factor to 2.5x for extra safety if max of measured
timestamp resolution and measured minimal racy threshold is < 100ms, use
1.25 otherwise since for large filesystem resolution values the
influence of finite resolution of the system clock should be negligible.
Before, not yet using the newly introduced minRacyThreshold measurement,
the threshold was 1.1x FS resolution, and we could issue the
following sequence of events,
start
create-file
read-file (currentTime)
end
which had the following timestamps:
create-file 1564589081998
start 1564589082002
read 1564589082003
end 1564589082004
In this case, the difference between create-file and read is 5ms,
which exceeded the 4ms FS resolution, even though the events together
took just 2ms of runtime.
Reproduce with:
bazel test --runs_per_test=100 \
//org.eclipse.jgit.test:org_eclipse_jgit_internal_storage_file_FileSnapshotTest
The file system timestamp resolution is 4ms in this case.
This code assumes that the kernel and the JVM use the same clock that
is synchronized with the file system clock. This seems plausible,
given the resolution of System.currentTimeMillis() and the latency for
a gettimeofday system call (typically ~1us), but it would be good to
justify this with specifications.
Also cover a source of flakiness: if the test runs under extreme load,
then we could have
start
create-file
<long delay>
read
end
which would register as an unmodified file. Avoid this by skipping the
test if end-start is too big.
[msohn]:
- downported from master to stable-5.1
- skip test if resolution is below 10ms
- adjust safety factor to 1.25 for resolutions above 100ms
Change-Id: I87d2cf035e01c44b7ba8364c410a860aa8e312ef
Signed-off-by: Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Cache FileStoreAttributeCache entries since looking up FileStore for a
file may be expensive on some platforms.
Implement a simple LRU cache based on ConcurrentHashMap using a simple
long counter to order access to cache entries.
Change-Id: I4881fa938ad2f17712c05da857838073a2fc4ddb
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Strapetz <marc.strapetz@syntevo.com>
Also-By: Marc Strapetz <marc.strapetz@syntevo.com>
To enable persisting the minimal racy threshold per FileStore add a
new config option to the user global git configuration:
- Config section is "filesystem"
- Config subsection is concatenation of
- Java vendor (system property "java.vendor")
- Java version (system property "java.version")
- FileStore's name, on Windows we use the attribute volume:vsn instead
since the name is not necessarily unique.
- separated by '|'
e.g.
"AdoptOpenJDK|1.8.0_212-b03|/dev/disk1s1"
The same prefix is used as for filesystem timestamp resolution, so
both values are stored in the same config section
- The config key for minmal racy threshold is "minRacyThreshold" as a
time value, supported time units are those supported by
DefaultTypedConfigGetter#getTimeUnit
- measure for 3 seconds to limit runtime which depends on hardware, OS
and Java version being used
If the minimal racy threshold is configured for a given FileStore the
configured value is used instead of measuring it.
When the minimal racy threshold was measured it is persisted in the user
global git configuration.
Rename FileStoreAttributeCache to FileStoreAttributes since this class
is now declared public in order to enable exposing all attributes in one
object.
Example:
[filesystem "AdoptOpenJDK|11.0.3|/dev/disk1s1"]
timestampResolution = 7000 nanoseconds
minRacyThreshold = 3440 microseconds
Change-Id: I22195e488453aae8d011b0a8e3276fe3d99deaea
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
Also-By: Marc Strapetz <marc.strapetz@syntevo.com>
By running FileSnapshotTest#detectFileModified we found that the sum of
measured filesystem timestamp resolution and measured clock resolution
may yield a too small interval after a file has been modified which we
need to consider racily clean. In our tests we didn't find this behavior
on all systems we tested on, e.g. on MacOS using APFS and Java 8 and 11
this effect was not observed.
On Linux (SLES 15, kernel 4.12.14-150.22-default) we collected the
following test results using Java 8 and 11:
In 23-98% of 10000 test runs (depending on filesystem type and Java
version) the test failed, which means the effective interval which needs
to be considered racily clean after a file was modified is larger than
the measured file timestamp resolution.
"delta" is the observed interval after a file has been modified but
FileSnapshot did not yet detect the modification:
"resolution" is the measured sum of file timestamp resolution and clock
resolution seen in Java.
Java version filesystem failures resolution min delta max delta
1.8.0_212-b04 btrfs 98.6% 1 ms 3.6 ms 6.6 ms
1.8.0_212-b04 ext4 82.6% 3 ms 1.1 ms 4.1 ms
1.8.0_212-b04 xfs 23.8% 4 ms 3.7 ms 3.9 ms
1.8.0_212-b04 zfs 23.1% 3 ms 4.8 ms 5.0 ms
11.0.3+7 btrfs 98.1% 3 us 0.7 ms 4.7 ms
11.0.3+7 ext4 98.1% 6 us 0.7 ms 4.7 ms
11.0.3+7 xfs 98.5% 7 us 0.1 ms 8.0 ms
11.0.3+7 zfs 98.4% 7 us 0.7 ms 5.2 ms
Mac OS
1.8.0_212 APFS 0% 1 s
11.0.3+7 APFS 0% 6 us
The observed delta is not distributed according to a normal gaussian
distribution but rather random in the observed range between "min delta"
and "max delta".
Run this test after measuring file timestamp resolution in
FS.FileAttributeCache to auto-configure JGit since it's unclear what
mechanism is causing this effect.
In FileSnapshot#isRacyClean use the maximum of the measured timestamp
resolution and the measured "delta" as explained above to decide if a
given FileSnapshot is to be considered racily clean. Add a 30% safety
margin to ensure we are on the safe side.
Change-Id: I1c8bb59f6486f174b7bbdc63072777ddbe06694d
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
These are useful to avoid typos, and also for tab completion.
Change-Id: I0f2d267e46b36bc40297c9657c447f3fd8b9f831
Signed-off-by: David Turner <dturner@twosigma.com>
In a subsequent patch, in some cases, PackWriter#writePack will be
responsible for both the "packfile-uris" and "packfile" sections,
meaning that (in these cases) it must write the "packfile" section
header itself.
In preparation for that patch, move the writing of the "packfile"
section header closer to the invocation of PackWriter#writePack when the
entire fetch response is configured to use the sideband. This means that
"packfile" is written *after* objects are counted (and progress messages
sent to the client in sideband 2) when the "sideband-all" feature is
used (whether "packfile-uris" is used or not), and written *before*
objects are counted otherwise.
Having code to write "packfile" in two places is unfortunate but
necessary. When "sideband-all" is not used, object counting has to
happen after "packfile" is written, because "packfile" activates the
sideband that allows counting progress to be transmitted. When
"packfile-uris" is used, object counting has to happen before "packfile"
is written, because object counting determines whether to send
"packfile-uris" or "packfile". When "sideband-all" is used but
"packfile-uris" is not used, either way works; this commit uses
"packfile-uris" behavior in this case.
Also make the naming of the sideband-activating methods in PacketLineOut
more consistent.
Change-Id: Ifbfd26cc26af10c41b77758168833702d6983df1
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Tan <jonathantanmy@google.com>
Repeat the test 10000 times to get statistics if measured
fsTimestampResolution is working in practice to detect racy git
situations.
Add a class to compute statistics for this test. Log delta between
lastModified and time when FileSnapshot failed to detect modification.
This happens if the racy git limit determined by measuring filesystem
timestamp resolution and clock resolution is too small. If it would be
correct FileSnapshot would always detect modification or mark it
modified if time since modification is smaller than the racy git limit.
Change-Id: Iabe7af1a7211ca58480f8902d4fa4e366932fc77
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>
The newly introduced ProtocolV2HookChain is implemented using lists
instead of arrays.
Update PostUploadHookChain to keep the hook chains implementation
consistent.
Change-Id: I5ae0c923f117ac48558a989464f5d5d868d81f76
Signed-off-by: Ivan Frade <ifrade@google.com>
David Pursehouse
Thomas Wolf
Han-Wen Nienhuys
Ivan Frade
Matthias Sohn
Yunjie Li
Masaya Suzuki
Alex Spradlin
Nail Samatov
Jonathan Tan
Anton Khodos
Vishal Devgire
David Turner