Do not allocate space for local bindings in runtime environments

core/ast/src/scope.rs

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 //! Scopes are used to track the bindings of identifiers in the AST.
 
 use boa_string::JsString;
-use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 use std::{cell::RefCell, fmt::Debug, rc::Rc};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 struct Binding {
+    name: JsString,
     index: u32,
     mutable: bool,
     lex: bool,
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Inner {
     unique_id: u32,
     outer: Option<Scope>,
     index: RefCell<u32>,
-    bindings: RefCell<FxHashMap<JsString, Binding>>,
+    bindings: RefCell<Vec<Binding>>,
     function: bool,
 }
 
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ impl Scope {
         self.inner
             .bindings
             .borrow()
-            .values()
+            .iter()
             .all(|binding| !binding.escapes)
     }
 
     /// Marks all bindings in this scope as escaping.
     pub fn escape_all_bindings(&self) {
-        for binding in self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut().values_mut() {
+        for binding in self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut().iter_mut() {
             binding.escapes = true;
         }
     }
@@ -111,21 +111,22 @@ impl Scope {
         self.inner
             .bindings
             .borrow()
-            .get(name)
+            .iter()
+            .find(|b| &b.name == name)
             .map_or(false, |binding| binding.lex)
     }
 
     /// Check if the scope has a binding with the given name.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn has_binding(&self, name: &JsString) -> bool {
-        self.inner.bindings.borrow().contains_key(name)
+        self.inner.bindings.borrow().iter().any(|b| &b.name == name)
     }
 
     /// Get the binding locator for a binding with the given name.
     /// Fall back to the global scope if the binding is not found.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn get_identifier_reference(&self, name: JsString) -> IdentifierReference {
-        if let Some(binding) = self.inner.bindings.borrow().get(&name) {
+        if let Some(binding) = self.inner.bindings.borrow().iter().find(|b| b.name == name) {
             IdentifierReference::new(
                 BindingLocator::declarative(
                     name,
@@ -150,6 +151,32 @@ impl Scope {
         self.inner.bindings.borrow().len() as u32
     }
 
+    /// Returns the number of bindings in this scope that are not local.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
+    pub fn num_bindings_non_local(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.inner
+            .bindings
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|binding| binding.escapes)
+            .count() as u32
+    }
+
+    /// Adjust the binding indices to exclude local bindings.
+    pub(crate) fn reorder_binding_indices(&self) {
+        let mut bindings = self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut();
+        let mut index = 0;
+        for binding in bindings.iter_mut() {
+            if !binding.escapes {
+                binding.index = 0;
+                continue;
+            }
+            binding.index = index;
+            index += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the index of this scope.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn scope_index(&self) -> u32 {
@@ -176,7 +203,12 @@ impl Scope {
     /// Get the locator for a binding name.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn get_binding(&self, name: &JsString) -> Option<BindingLocator> {
-        self.inner.bindings.borrow().get(name).map(|binding| {
+        self.inner
+            .bindings
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|b| &b.name == name)
+            .map(|binding| {
                 BindingLocator::declarative(
                     name.clone(),
                     *self.inner.index.borrow(),
@@ -189,7 +221,12 @@ impl Scope {
     /// Get the locator for a binding name.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn get_binding_reference(&self, name: &JsString) -> Option<IdentifierReference> {
-        self.inner.bindings.borrow().get(name).map(|binding| {
+        self.inner
+            .bindings
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .find(|b| &b.name == name)
+            .map(|binding| {
                 IdentifierReference::new(
                     BindingLocator::declarative(
                         name.clone(),
@@ -211,7 +248,13 @@ impl Scope {
         let mut crossed_function_border = false;
         let mut current = self;
         loop {
-            if let Some(binding) = current.inner.bindings.borrow_mut().get_mut(name) {
+            if let Some(binding) = current
+                .inner
+                .bindings
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .iter_mut()
+                .find(|b| &b.name == name)
+            {
                 if crossed_function_border || eval_or_with {
                     binding.escapes = true;
                 }
@@ -232,17 +275,24 @@ impl Scope {
     #[must_use]
     #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     pub fn create_mutable_binding(&self, name: JsString, function_scope: bool) -> BindingLocator {
-        let binding_index = self.inner.bindings.borrow().len() as u32;
-        self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut().insert(
-            name.clone(),
-            Binding {
+        let mut bindings = self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut();
+        let binding_index = bindings.len() as u32;
+        if let Some(binding) = bindings.iter().find(|b| b.name == name) {
+            return BindingLocator::declarative(
+                name,
+                *self.inner.index.borrow(),
+                binding.index,
+                self.inner.unique_id,
+            );
+        }
+        bindings.push(Binding {
+            name: name.clone(),
             index: binding_index,
             mutable: true,
             lex: !function_scope,
             strict: false,
             escapes: self.is_global(),
-            },
-        );
+        });
         BindingLocator::declarative(
             name,
             *self.inner.index.borrow(),
@@ -254,17 +304,19 @@ impl Scope {
     /// Crate an immutable binding.
     #[allow(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
     pub(crate) fn create_immutable_binding(&self, name: JsString, strict: bool) {
-        let binding_index = self.inner.bindings.borrow().len() as u32;
-        self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut().insert(
+        let mut bindings = self.inner.bindings.borrow_mut();
+        if bindings.iter().any(|b| b.name == name) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let binding_index = bindings.len() as u32;
+        bindings.push(Binding {
             name,
-            Binding {
             index: binding_index,
             mutable: false,
             lex: true,
             strict,
             escapes: self.is_global(),
-            },
-        );
+        });
     }
 
     /// Return the binding locator for a mutable binding.
@@ -275,7 +327,8 @@ impl Scope {
         &self,
         name: JsString,
     ) -> Result<IdentifierReference, BindingLocatorError> {
-        Ok(match self.inner.bindings.borrow().get(&name) {
+        Ok(
+            match self.inner.bindings.borrow().iter().find(|b| b.name == name) {
                 Some(binding) if binding.mutable => IdentifierReference::new(
                     BindingLocator::declarative(
                         name,
@@ -286,7 +339,9 @@ impl Scope {
                     binding.lex,
                     binding.escapes,
                 ),
-            Some(binding) if binding.strict => return Err(BindingLocatorError::MutateImmutable),
+                Some(binding) if binding.strict => {
+                    return Err(BindingLocatorError::MutateImmutable)
+                }
                 Some(_) => return Err(BindingLocatorError::Silent),
                 None => self.inner.outer.as_ref().map_or_else(
                     || {
@@ -298,7 +353,8 @@ impl Scope {
                     },
                     |outer| outer.set_mutable_binding(name.clone()),
                 )?,
-        })
+            },
+        )
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "annex-b")]
@@ -323,7 +379,8 @@ impl Scope {
             );
         }
 
-        Ok(match self.inner.bindings.borrow().get(&name) {
+        Ok(
+            match self.inner.bindings.borrow().iter().find(|b| b.name == name) {
                 Some(binding) if binding.mutable => IdentifierReference::new(
                     BindingLocator::declarative(
                         name,
@@ -334,7 +391,9 @@ impl Scope {
                     binding.lex,
                     binding.escapes,
                 ),
-            Some(binding) if binding.strict => return Err(BindingLocatorError::MutateImmutable),
+                Some(binding) if binding.strict => {
+                    return Err(BindingLocatorError::MutateImmutable)
+                }
                 Some(_) => return Err(BindingLocatorError::Silent),
                 None => self.inner.outer.as_ref().map_or_else(
                     || {
@@ -346,7 +405,8 @@ impl Scope {
                     },
                     |outer| outer.set_mutable_binding_var(name.clone()),
                 )?,
-        })
+            },
+        )
     }
 
     /// Gets the outer scope of this scope.
@@ -538,7 +598,8 @@ impl FunctionScopes {
     }
 
     /// Returns the effective paramter scope for this function.
-    pub(crate) fn parameter_scope(&self) -> Scope {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parameter_scope(&self) -> Scope {
         if let Some(parameters_eval_scope) = &self.parameters_eval_scope {
             return parameters_eval_scope.clone();
         }
@@ -572,6 +633,19 @@ impl FunctionScopes {
             lexical_scope.escape_all_bindings();
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reorder_binding_indices(&self) {
+        self.function_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
+        if let Some(parameters_eval_scope) = &self.parameters_eval_scope {
+            parameters_eval_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
+        }
+        if let Some(parameters_scope) = &self.parameters_scope {
+            parameters_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
+        }
+        if let Some(lexical_scope) = &self.lexical_scope {
+            lexical_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "arbitrary")]

core/ast/src/scope_analyzer.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         try_break!(self.visit_statement_list_mut(&mut node.statements));
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         }
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut node.scope);
         try_break!(self.visit_statement_mut(&mut node.statement));
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut node.scope);
+        node.scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         self.with = with;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }
@@ -156,6 +159,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         }
         try_break!(self.visit_block_mut(&mut node.block));
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut node.scope);
+        node.scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }
@@ -181,6 +185,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         try_break!(self.visit_statement_mut(&mut node.inner.body));
         if let Some(ForLoopInitializer::Lexical(decl)) = &mut node.inner.init {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut decl.scope);
+            decl.scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
@@ -199,6 +204,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.target_scope {
             self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             self.direct_eval = node.contains_direct_eval || self.direct_eval;
@@ -211,6 +217,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         try_break!(self.visit_statement_mut(&mut node.body));
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
@@ -229,6 +236,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.iterable_scope {
             self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             self.direct_eval = node.contains_direct_eval || self.direct_eval;
@@ -241,6 +249,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         try_break!(self.visit_statement_mut(&mut node.body));
         if let Some(scope) = &mut node.scope {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, scope);
+            scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
@@ -253,7 +262,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -265,7 +274,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -277,7 +286,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -289,7 +298,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -301,7 +310,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -313,7 +322,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -325,7 +334,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -337,7 +346,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -349,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -361,7 +370,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -382,6 +391,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
             try_break!(self.visit_class_element_mut(element));
         }
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut node.name_scope);
+        node.name_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }
 
@@ -407,6 +417,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         }
         if let Some(name_scope) = &mut node.name_scope {
             std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, name_scope);
+            name_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         }
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }
@@ -415,16 +426,42 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         &mut self,
         node: &'ast mut ClassElement,
     ) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
-        if let ClassElement::MethodDefinition(node) = node {
-            self.visit_function_like(
+        match node {
+            ClassElement::MethodDefinition(node) => self.visit_function_like(
                 &mut node.parameters,
                 &mut node.body,
-                &node.scopes,
+                &mut node.scopes,
                 node.contains_direct_eval,
-            )
-        } else {
+            ),
+            ClassElement::FieldDefinition(field) | ClassElement::StaticFieldDefinition(field) => {
+                try_break!(self.visit_property_name_mut(&mut field.name));
+                if let Some(e) = &mut field.field {
+                    try_break!(self.visit_expression_mut(e));
+                }
                 ControlFlow::Continue(())
             }
+            ClassElement::PrivateFieldDefinition(field) => {
+                if let Some(e) = &mut field.field {
+                    try_break!(self.visit_expression_mut(e));
+                }
+                ControlFlow::Continue(())
+            }
+            ClassElement::PrivateStaticFieldDefinition(_, e) => {
+                if let Some(e) = e {
+                    try_break!(self.visit_expression_mut(e));
+                }
+                ControlFlow::Continue(())
+            }
+            ClassElement::StaticBlock(node) => {
+                let contains_direct_eval = contains(node.statements(), ContainsSymbol::DirectEval);
+                self.visit_function_like(
+                    &mut FormalParameterList::default(),
+                    &mut node.body,
+                    &mut node.scopes,
+                    contains_direct_eval,
+                )
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn visit_object_method_definition_mut(
@@ -435,7 +472,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         self.visit_function_like(
             &mut node.parameters,
             &mut node.body,
-            &node.scopes,
+            &mut node.scopes,
             node.contains_direct_eval,
         )
     }
@@ -485,6 +522,7 @@ impl<'ast> VisitorMut<'ast> for BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut scope);
         try_break!(self.visit_module_item_list_mut(&mut node.items));
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut scope);
+        scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }
 }
@@ -494,7 +532,7 @@ impl BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         &mut self,
         parameters: &mut FormalParameterList,
         body: &mut FunctionBody,
-        scopes: &FunctionScopes,
+        scopes: &mut FunctionScopes,
         contains_direct_eval: bool,
     ) -> ControlFlow<&'static str> {
         let direct_eval_old = self.direct_eval;
@@ -510,6 +548,7 @@ impl BindingEscapeAnalyzer<'_> {
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut scope);
         try_break!(self.visit_function_body_mut(body));
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.scope, &mut scope);
+        scopes.reorder_binding_indices();
         self.direct_eval = direct_eval_old;
         ControlFlow::Continue(())
     }

core/ast/src/source.rs

@@ -91,6 +91,10 @@ impl Script {
         if !analyze_binding_escapes(self, true, lexical_scope.clone(), interner) {
             return Err(String::from("Failed to analyze scope"));
         }
+        variable_scope.escape_all_bindings();
+        lexical_scope.escape_all_bindings();
+        variable_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
+        lexical_scope.reorder_binding_indices();
         optimize_scope_indicies(self, lexical_scope);
 
         Ok(bindings)

core/engine/src/builtins/function/arguments.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
+    bytecompiler::ToJsString,
     environments::DeclarativeEnvironment,
     object::{
         internal_methods::{
@@ -11,8 +12,9 @@ use crate::{
     property::{DescriptorKind, PropertyDescriptor, PropertyKey},
     Context, JsData, JsResult, JsValue,
 };
-use boa_ast::{function::FormalParameterList, operations::bound_names};
+use boa_ast::{function::FormalParameterList, operations::bound_names, scope::Scope};
 use boa_gc::{Finalize, Gc, Trace};
+use boa_interner::Interner;
 use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;
 use thin_vec::{thin_vec, ThinVec};
 
@@ -141,7 +143,11 @@ impl MappedArguments {
 }
 
 impl MappedArguments {
-    pub(crate) fn binding_indices(formals: &FormalParameterList) -> ThinVec<Option<u32>> {
+    pub(crate) fn binding_indices(
+        formals: &FormalParameterList,
+        scope: &Scope,
+        interner: &Interner,
+    ) -> ThinVec<Option<u32>> {
         // Section 17-19 are done first, for easier object creation in 11.
         //
         // The section 17-19 differs from the spec, due to the way the runtime environments work.
@@ -180,8 +186,10 @@ impl MappedArguments {
         let mut bindings = FxHashMap::default();
         let mut property_index = 0;
         for name in bound_names(formals) {
-            // NOTE(HalidOdat): Offset by +1 to account for the first binding ("argument").
-            let binding_index = bindings.len() as u32 + 1;
+            let binding_index = scope
+                .get_binding(&name.to_js_string(interner))
+                .expect("binding must exist")
+                .binding_index();
 
             let entry = bindings
                 .entry(name)

core/engine/src/bytecompiler/class.rs

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ impl ByteCompiler<'_> {
 
             compiler.length = expr.parameters().length();
             compiler.params = expr.parameters().clone();
+            compiler.parameter_scope = expr.scopes().parameter_scope();
 
             compiler.function_declaration_instantiation(
                 expr.body(),

core/engine/src/bytecompiler/function.rs

@@ -195,6 +195,7 @@ impl FunctionCompiler {
         compiler.compile_statement_list(body.statement_list(), false, false);
 
         compiler.params = parameters.clone();
+        compiler.parameter_scope = scopes.parameter_scope();
 
         let code = compiler.finish();
 

core/engine/src/bytecompiler/mod.rs

@@ -401,6 +401,9 @@ pub struct ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
     /// Parameters passed to this function.
     pub(crate) params: FormalParameterList,
 
+    /// Scope of the function parameters.
+    pub(crate) parameter_scope: Scope,
+
     /// Bytecode
     pub(crate) bytecode: Vec<u8>,
 
@@ -513,6 +516,7 @@ impl<'ctx> ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
             local_binding_registers: FxHashMap::default(),
             this_mode: ThisMode::Global,
             params: FormalParameterList::default(),
+            parameter_scope: Scope::default(),
             current_open_environments_count: 0,
 
             register_allocator,
@@ -1772,7 +1776,9 @@ impl<'ctx> ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
 
         let mapped_arguments_binding_indices = self
             .emitted_mapped_arguments_object_opcode
-            .then(|| MappedArguments::binding_indices(&self.params))
+            .then(|| {
+                MappedArguments::binding_indices(&self.params, &self.parameter_scope, self.interner)
+            })
             .unwrap_or_default();
 
         let max_local_binding_register_index =

core/engine/src/environments/runtime/mod.rs

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl EnvironmentStack {
 
     /// Push a function environment on the environments stack.
     pub(crate) fn push_function(&mut self, scope: Scope, function_slots: FunctionSlots) {
-        let num_bindings = scope.num_bindings();
+        let num_bindings = scope.num_bindings_non_local();
 
         let (poisoned, with) = {
             // Check if the outer environment is a declarative environment.
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl EnvironmentStack {
 
     /// Push a module environment on the environments stack.
     pub(crate) fn push_module(&mut self, scope: Scope) {
-        let num_bindings = scope.num_bindings();
+        let num_bindings = scope.num_bindings_non_local();
         self.stack.push(Environment::Declarative(Gc::new(
             DeclarativeEnvironment::new(DeclarativeEnvironmentKind::Module(
                 ModuleEnvironment::new(num_bindings, scope),

core/engine/src/module/synthetic.rs

@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@ impl SyntheticModule {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+        module_scope.escape_all_bindings();
+
         let cb = Gc::new(compiler.finish());
 
         let mut envs = EnvironmentStack::new(global_env);

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/push/environment.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ impl PushScope {
     #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
     fn operation(context: &mut Context, index: usize) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
         let scope = context.vm.frame().code_block().constant_scope(index);
-        context.vm.environments.push_lexical(scope.num_bindings());
+        context
+            .vm
+            .environments
+            .push_lexical(scope.num_bindings_non_local());
         Ok(CompletionType::Normal)
     }
 }