Refactor vm calling convention to allow locals (#3496)

* Refactor vm calling convention to allow locals

* Move async generator object to the stack

* Apply review and some clean-up

* Add todo for storing fp in CallFrame

* Rename ASYNC_GENERATOR_OBJECT_LOCAL_INDEX to ASYNC_GENERATOR_OBJECT_REGISTER_INDEX

core/engine/src/builtins/function/mod.rs

@@ -938,10 +938,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_call(
 
     context.vm.push_frame(frame);
 
-    let fp = context.vm.stack.len() - argument_count - CallFrame::FUNCTION_PROLOGUE;
-    context.vm.frame_mut().fp = fp as u32;
-
-    let this = context.vm.stack[fp + CallFrame::THIS_POSITION].clone();
+    let this = context.vm.frame().this(&context.vm);
 
     let lexical_this_mode = code.this_mode == ThisMode::Lexical;
 
@@ -1013,8 +1010,6 @@ fn function_construct(
 
     let new_target = context.vm.pop();
 
-    let at = context.vm.stack.len() - argument_count;
-
     let this = if code.is_derived_constructor() {
         None
     } else {
@@ -1040,9 +1035,12 @@ fn function_construct(
         .with_env_fp(env_fp)
         .with_flags(CallFrameFlags::CONSTRUCT);
 
+    let len = context.vm.stack.len();
+
     context.vm.push_frame(frame);
 
-    context.vm.frame_mut().fp = at as u32 - 1;
+    // NOTE(HalidOdat): +1 because we insert `this` value below.
+    context.vm.frame_mut().rp = len as u32 + 1;
 
     let mut last_env = 0;
 
@@ -1075,10 +1073,10 @@ fn function_construct(
     );
 
     // Insert `this` value
-    context
-        .vm
-        .stack
-        .insert(at - 1, this.map(JsValue::new).unwrap_or_default());
+    context.vm.stack.insert(
+        len - argument_count - 1,
+        this.map(JsValue::new).unwrap_or_default(),
+    );
 
     Ok(CallValue::Ready)
 }

core/engine/src/builtins/generator/mod.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
     string::common::StaticJsStrings,
     symbol::JsSymbol,
     value::JsValue,
-    vm::{CallFrame, CompletionRecord, GeneratorResumeKind},
+    vm::{CallFrame, CallFrameFlags, CompletionRecord, GeneratorResumeKind},
     Context, JsArgs, JsData, JsError, JsResult, JsString,
 };
 use boa_gc::{custom_trace, Finalize, Trace};
@@ -64,28 +64,24 @@ pub(crate) struct GeneratorContext {
 }
 
 impl GeneratorContext {
-    /// Creates a new `GeneratorContext` from the raw `Context` state components.
-    pub(crate) fn new(stack: Vec<JsValue>, call_frame: CallFrame) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            stack,
-            call_frame: Some(call_frame),
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Creates a new `GeneratorContext` from the current `Context` state.
     pub(crate) fn from_current(context: &mut Context) -> Self {
         let mut frame = context.vm.frame().clone();
         frame.environments = context.vm.environments.clone();
         frame.realm = context.realm().clone();
-        let fp = context.vm.frame().fp as usize;
-        let this = Self {
-            call_frame: Some(frame),
-            stack: context.vm.stack[fp..].to_vec(),
-        };
+        let fp = frame.fp() as usize;
+        let stack = context.vm.stack.split_off(fp);
 
-        context.vm.stack.truncate(fp);
+        frame.rp = CallFrame::FUNCTION_PROLOGUE + frame.argument_count;
 
-        this
+        // NOTE: Since we get a pre-built call frame with stack, and we reuse them.
+        //       So we don't need to push the locals in subsequent calls.
+        frame.flags |= CallFrameFlags::LOCALS_ALREADY_PUSHED;
+
+        Self {
+            call_frame: Some(frame),
+            stack,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Resumes execution with `GeneratorContext` as the current execution context.
@@ -96,11 +92,11 @@ impl GeneratorContext {
         context: &mut Context,
     ) -> CompletionRecord {
         std::mem::swap(&mut context.vm.stack, &mut self.stack);
-        context
-            .vm
-            .push_frame(self.call_frame.take().expect("should have a call frame"));
+        let frame = self.call_frame.take().expect("should have a call frame");
+        let rp = frame.rp;
+        context.vm.push_frame(frame);
 
-        context.vm.frame_mut().fp = 0;
+        context.vm.frame_mut().rp = rp;
         context.vm.frame_mut().set_exit_early(true);
 
         if let Some(value) = value {
@@ -115,6 +111,13 @@ impl GeneratorContext {
         assert!(self.call_frame.is_some());
         result
     }
+
+    /// Returns the async generator object, if the function that this [`GeneratorContext`] is from an async generator, [`None`] otherwise.
+    pub(crate) fn async_generator_object(&self) -> Option<JsObject> {
+        self.call_frame
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|frame| frame.async_generator_object(&self.stack))
+    }
 }
 
 /// The internal representation of a `Generator` object.

core/engine/src/bytecompiler/mod.rs

@@ -255,6 +255,8 @@ pub struct ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
     /// The number of arguments expected.
     pub(crate) length: u32,
 
+    pub(crate) locals_count: u32,
+
     /// \[\[ThisMode\]\]
     pub(crate) this_mode: ThisMode,
 
@@ -327,8 +329,8 @@ impl<'ctx> ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
             params: FormalParameterList::default(),
             current_open_environments_count: 0,
 
-            // This starts at two because the first value is the `this` value, then function object.
-            current_stack_value_count: 2,
+            locals_count: 0,
+            current_stack_value_count: 0,
             code_block_flags,
             handlers: ThinVec::default(),
             ic: Vec::default(),
@@ -1521,9 +1523,17 @@ impl<'ctx> ByteCompiler<'ctx> {
         }
         self.r#return(false);
 
+        if self.is_async_generator() {
+            self.locals_count += 1;
+        }
+        for handler in &mut self.handlers {
+            handler.stack_count += self.locals_count;
+        }
+
         CodeBlock {
             name: self.function_name,
             length: self.length,
+            locals_count: self.locals_count,
             this_mode: self.this_mode,
             params: self.params,
             bytecode: self.bytecode.into_boxed_slice(),

core/engine/src/module/synthetic.rs

@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ impl SyntheticModule {
         // 11. Suspend moduleContext and remove it from the execution context stack.
         // 12. Resume the context that is now on the top of the execution context stack as the running execution context.
         let frame = context.vm.pop_frame().expect("there should be a frame");
-        context.vm.stack.truncate(frame.fp as usize);
+        frame.restore_stack(&mut context.vm);
 
         // 13. Let pc be ! NewPromiseCapability(%Promise%).
         let (promise, ResolvingFunctions { resolve, reject }) = JsPromise::new_pending(context);

core/engine/src/vm/call_frame/mod.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ bitflags::bitflags! {
 
         /// Was this [`CallFrame`] created from the `__construct__()` internal object method?
         const CONSTRUCT = 0b0000_0010;
+
+        /// Does this [`CallFrame`] need to push local variables on [`Vm::push_frame()`].
+        const LOCALS_ALREADY_PUSHED = 0b0000_0100;
     }
 }
 
@@ -33,17 +36,16 @@ bitflags::bitflags! {
 pub struct CallFrame {
     pub(crate) code_block: Gc<CodeBlock>,
     pub(crate) pc: u32,
-    pub(crate) fp: u32,
-    pub(crate) env_fp: u32,
-    // Tracks the number of environments in environment entry.
-    // On abrupt returns this is used to decide how many environments need to be pop'ed.
+    /// The register pointer, points to the first register in the stack.
+    ///
+    // TODO: Check if storing the frame pointer instead of argument count and computing the
+    //       argument count based on the pointers would be better for accessing the arguments
+    //       and the elements before the register pointer.
+    pub(crate) rp: u32,
     pub(crate) argument_count: u32,
+    pub(crate) env_fp: u32,
     pub(crate) promise_capability: Option<PromiseCapability>,
 
-    // When an async generator is resumed, the generator object is needed
-    // to fulfill the steps 4.e-j in [AsyncGeneratorStart](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-asyncgeneratorstart).
-    pub(crate) async_generator: Option<JsObject>,
-
     // Iterators and their `[[Done]]` flags that must be closed when an abrupt completion is thrown.
     pub(crate) iterators: ThinVec<IteratorRecord>,
 
@@ -81,22 +83,56 @@ impl CallFrame {
 impl CallFrame {
     /// This is the size of the function prologue.
     ///
-    /// The position of the elements are relative to the [`CallFrame::fp`].
+    /// The position of the elements are relative to the [`CallFrame::fp`] (register pointer).
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    ///                      Setup by the caller
+    ///   ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌───── register pointer
+    ///   ▼                                                         ▼ ▼
+    /// | -(2 + N): this | -(1 + N): func | -N: arg1 | ... | -1: argN | 0: local1 | ... | K: localK |
+    ///   ▲                              ▲   ▲                      ▲   ▲                         ▲
+    ///   └──────────────────────────────┘   └──────────────────────┘   └─────────────────────────┘
+    ///         function prologue                    arguments              Setup by the callee
+    ///   ▲
+    ///   └─ Frame pointer
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ### Example
+    ///
+    /// The following function calls, generate the following stack:
+    ///
+    /// ```JavaScript
+    /// function x(a) {
+    /// }
+    /// function y(b, c) {
+    ///     return x(b + c)
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// y(1, 2)
+    /// ```
     ///
     /// ```text
-    ///   --- frame pointer                             arguments
-    ///  /                      __________________________/
-    /// /                      /                          \
-    /// | 0: this | 1: func | 2: arg1 | ... | (2 + N): argN |
-    ///    \            /
-    ///     ------------
-    ///     |
-    /// function prolugue
+    ///     caller prologue    caller arguments   callee prologue   callee arguments
+    ///   ┌─────────────────┐   ┌─────────┐   ┌─────────────────┐  ┌──────┐
+    ///   ▼                 ▼   ▼         ▼   │                 ▼  ▼      ▼
+    /// | 0: undefined | 1: y | 2: 1 | 3: 2 | 4: undefined | 5: x | 6:  3  |
+    /// ▲                                   ▲                            ▲
+    /// │       caller register pointer ────┤                            │
+    /// │                                   │                callee register pointer
+    /// │                             callee frame pointer
+    /// │
+    /// └─────  caller frame pointer
+    ///
     /// ```
-    pub(crate) const FUNCTION_PROLOGUE: usize = 2;
-    pub(crate) const THIS_POSITION: usize = 0;
-    pub(crate) const FUNCTION_POSITION: usize = 1;
-    pub(crate) const FIRST_ARGUMENT_POSITION: usize = 2;
+    ///
+    /// Some questions:
+    ///
+    /// - Who is responsible for cleaning up the stack after a call? The rust caller.
+    ///
+    pub(crate) const FUNCTION_PROLOGUE: u32 = 2;
+    pub(crate) const THIS_POSITION: u32 = 2;
+    pub(crate) const FUNCTION_POSITION: u32 = 1;
+    pub(crate) const ASYNC_GENERATOR_OBJECT_REGISTER_INDEX: u32 = 0;
 
     /// Creates a new `CallFrame` with the provided `CodeBlock`.
     pub(crate) fn new(
@@ -108,11 +144,10 @@ impl CallFrame {
         Self {
             code_block,
             pc: 0,
-            fp: 0,
+            rp: 0,
             env_fp: 0,
             argument_count: 0,
             promise_capability: None,
-            async_generator: None,
             iterators: ThinVec::new(),
             binding_stack: Vec::new(),
             loop_iteration_count: 0,
@@ -142,19 +177,61 @@ impl CallFrame {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn this(&self, vm: &Vm) -> JsValue {
-        let this_index = self.fp as usize + Self::THIS_POSITION;
-        vm.stack[this_index].clone()
+        let this_index = self.rp - self.argument_count - Self::THIS_POSITION;
+        vm.stack[this_index as usize].clone()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn function(&self, vm: &Vm) -> Option<JsObject> {
-        let function_index = self.fp as usize + Self::FUNCTION_POSITION;
-        if let Some(object) = vm.stack[function_index].as_object() {
+        let function_index = self.rp - self.argument_count - Self::FUNCTION_POSITION;
+        if let Some(object) = vm.stack[function_index as usize].as_object() {
             return Some(object.clone());
         }
 
         None
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn arguments<'stack>(&self, vm: &'stack Vm) -> &'stack [JsValue] {
+        let rp = self.rp as usize;
+        let argument_count = self.argument_count as usize;
+        let arguments_start = rp - argument_count;
+        &vm.stack[arguments_start..rp]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn argument<'stack>(&self, index: usize, vm: &'stack Vm) -> Option<&'stack JsValue> {
+        self.arguments(vm).get(index)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn fp(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.rp - self.argument_count - Self::FUNCTION_PROLOGUE
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn restore_stack(&self, vm: &mut Vm) {
+        let fp = self.fp();
+        vm.stack.truncate(fp as usize);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the async generator object, if the function that this [`CallFrame`] is from an async generator, [`None`] otherwise.
+    pub(crate) fn async_generator_object(&self, stack: &[JsValue]) -> Option<JsObject> {
+        if !self.code_block().is_async_generator() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.local(Self::ASYNC_GENERATOR_OBJECT_REGISTER_INDEX, stack)
+            .as_object()
+            .cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the local at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// If the index is out of bounds.
+    pub(crate) fn local<'stack>(&self, index: u32, stack: &'stack [JsValue]) -> &'stack JsValue {
+        debug_assert!(index < self.code_block().locals_count);
+        let at = self.rp + index;
+        &stack[at as usize]
+    }
+
     /// Does this have the [`CallFrameFlags::EXIT_EARLY`] flag.
     pub(crate) fn exit_early(&self) -> bool {
         self.flags.contains(CallFrameFlags::EXIT_EARLY)
@@ -167,12 +244,16 @@ impl CallFrame {
     pub(crate) fn construct(&self) -> bool {
         self.flags.contains(CallFrameFlags::CONSTRUCT)
     }
+    /// Does this [`CallFrame`] need to push local variables on [`Vm::push_frame()`].
+    pub(crate) fn locals_already_pushed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.flags.contains(CallFrameFlags::LOCALS_ALREADY_PUSHED)
+    }
 }
 
 /// ---- `CallFrame` stack methods ----
 impl CallFrame {
-    pub(crate) fn set_frame_pointer(&mut self, pointer: u32) {
-        self.fp = pointer;
+    pub(crate) fn set_register_pointer(&mut self, pointer: u32) {
+        self.rp = pointer;
     }
 }
 

core/engine/src/vm/code_block.rs

@@ -177,6 +177,8 @@ pub struct CodeBlock {
     /// The number of arguments expected.
     pub(crate) length: u32,
 
+    pub(crate) locals_count: u32,
+
     /// \[\[ThisMode\]\]
     pub(crate) this_mode: ThisMode,
 
@@ -216,6 +218,7 @@ impl CodeBlock {
             name,
             flags: Cell::new(flags),
             length,
+            locals_count: 0,
             this_mode: ThisMode::Global,
             params: FormalParameterList::default(),
             handlers: ThinVec::default(),
@@ -286,6 +289,13 @@ impl CodeBlock {
         self.flags.get().contains(CodeBlockFlags::IS_GENERATOR)
     }
 
+    /// Returns true if this function a async generator function.
+    pub(crate) fn is_async_generator(&self) -> bool {
+        self.flags
+            .get()
+            .contains(CodeBlockFlags::IS_ASYNC | CodeBlockFlags::IS_GENERATOR)
+    }
+
     /// Returns true if this function an async function.
     pub(crate) fn is_ordinary(&self) -> bool {
         !self.is_async() && !self.is_generator()

core/engine/src/vm/mod.rs

@@ -158,29 +158,34 @@ impl Vm {
 
     pub(crate) fn push_frame(&mut self, mut frame: CallFrame) {
         let current_stack_length = self.stack.len();
-        frame.set_frame_pointer(current_stack_length as u32);
+        frame.set_register_pointer(current_stack_length as u32);
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.environments, &mut frame.environments);
         std::mem::swap(&mut self.realm, &mut frame.realm);
 
+        // NOTE: We need to check if we already pushed the locals,
+        //       since generator-like functions push the same call
+        //       frame with pre-built stack.
+        if !frame.locals_already_pushed() {
+            let locals_count = frame.code_block().locals_count;
+            self.stack.resize_with(
+                current_stack_length + locals_count as usize,
+                JsValue::undefined,
+            );
+        }
+
         self.frames.push(frame);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn push_frame_with_stack(
         &mut self,
-        mut frame: CallFrame,
+        frame: CallFrame,
         this: JsValue,
         function: JsValue,
     ) {
-        let current_stack_length = self.stack.len();
-        frame.set_frame_pointer(current_stack_length as u32);
-
         self.push(this);
         self.push(function);
 
-        std::mem::swap(&mut self.environments, &mut frame.environments);
-        std::mem::swap(&mut self.realm, &mut frame.realm);
-
-        self.frames.push(frame);
+        self.push_frame(frame);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn pop_frame(&mut self) -> Option<CallFrame> {
@@ -205,7 +210,7 @@ impl Vm {
 
         let catch_address = handler.handler();
         let environment_sp = frame.env_fp + handler.environment_count;
-        let sp = frame.fp + handler.stack_count;
+        let sp = frame.rp + handler.stack_count;
 
         // Go to handler location.
         frame.pc = catch_address;
@@ -320,7 +325,12 @@ impl Context {
         let result = self.execute_instruction(f);
         let duration = instant.elapsed();
 
-        let fp = self.vm.frames.last().map(|frame| frame.fp as usize);
+        let fp = self
+            .vm
+            .frames
+            .last()
+            .map(CallFrame::fp)
+            .map(|fp| fp as usize);
 
         let stack = {
             let mut stack = String::from("[ ");
@@ -422,7 +432,7 @@ impl Context {
                             break;
                         }
 
-                        fp = frame.fp as usize;
+                        fp = frame.fp() as usize;
                         env_fp = frame.env_fp as usize;
                         self.vm.pop_frame();
                     }
@@ -449,7 +459,8 @@ impl Context {
         match result {
             CompletionType::Normal => {}
             CompletionType::Return => {
-                self.vm.stack.truncate(self.vm.frame().fp as usize);
+                let fp = self.vm.frame().fp() as usize;
+                self.vm.stack.truncate(fp);
 
                 let result = self.vm.take_return_value();
                 if self.vm.frame().exit_early() {
@@ -460,7 +471,7 @@ impl Context {
                 self.vm.pop_frame();
             }
             CompletionType::Throw => {
-                let mut fp = self.vm.frame().fp;
+                let mut fp = self.vm.frame().fp();
                 let mut env_fp = self.vm.frame().env_fp;
                 if self.vm.frame().exit_early() {
                     self.vm.environments.truncate(env_fp as usize);
@@ -476,8 +487,8 @@ impl Context {
                 self.vm.pop_frame();
 
                 while let Some(frame) = self.vm.frames.last_mut() {
-                    fp = frame.fp;
-                    env_fp = frame.fp;
+                    fp = frame.fp();
+                    env_fp = frame.env_fp;
                     let pc = frame.pc;
                     let exit_early = frame.exit_early();
 

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/arguments.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     builtins::function::arguments::{MappedArguments, UnmappedArguments},
-    vm::{CallFrame, CompletionType},
+    vm::CompletionType,
     Context, JsResult,
 };
 
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ impl Operation for CreateMappedArgumentsObject {
     const COST: u8 = 8;
 
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
-        let arguments_start = context.vm.frame().fp as usize + CallFrame::FIRST_ARGUMENT_POSITION;
         let function_object = context
             .vm
             .frame()
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ impl Operation for CreateMappedArgumentsObject {
             .clone()
             .expect("there should be a function object");
         let code = context.vm.frame().code_block().clone();
-        let args = context.vm.stack[arguments_start..].to_vec();
+        let args = context.vm.frame().arguments(&context.vm).to_vec();
 
         let env = context.vm.environments.current();
         let arguments = MappedArguments::new(
@@ -55,8 +54,7 @@ impl Operation for CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject {
     const COST: u8 = 4;
 
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
-        let arguments_start = context.vm.frame().fp as usize + CallFrame::FIRST_ARGUMENT_POSITION;
-        let args = context.vm.stack[arguments_start..].to_vec();
+        let args = context.vm.frame().arguments(&context.vm).to_vec();
         let arguments = UnmappedArguments::new(&args, context);
         context.vm.push(arguments);
         Ok(CompletionType::Normal)

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/await/mod.rs

@@ -49,17 +49,16 @@ impl Operation for Await {
                     // d. Resume the suspended evaluation of asyncContext using NormalCompletion(value) as the result of the operation that suspended it.
                     let mut gen = captures.borrow_mut().take().expect("should only run once");
 
+                    // NOTE: We need to get the object before resuming, since it could clear the stack.
+                    let async_generator = gen.async_generator_object();
+
                     gen.resume(
                         Some(args.get_or_undefined(0).clone()),
                         GeneratorResumeKind::Normal,
                         context,
                     );
 
-                    if let Some(async_generator) = gen
-                        .call_frame
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .and_then(|f| f.async_generator.clone())
-                    {
+                    if let Some(async_generator) = async_generator {
                         async_generator
                             .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
                             .expect("must be async generator")
@@ -92,17 +91,16 @@ impl Operation for Await {
 
                     let mut gen = captures.borrow_mut().take().expect("should only run once");
 
+                    // NOTE: We need to get the object before resuming, since it could clear the stack.
+                    let async_generator = gen.async_generator_object();
+
                     gen.resume(
                         Some(args.get_or_undefined(0).clone()),
                         GeneratorResumeKind::Throw,
                         context,
                     );
 
-                    if let Some(async_generator) = gen
-                        .call_frame
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .and_then(|f| f.async_generator.clone())
-                    {
+                    if let Some(async_generator) = async_generator {
                         async_generator
                             .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
                             .expect("must be async generator")

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/generator/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
     vm::{
         call_frame::GeneratorResumeKind,
         opcode::{Operation, ReThrow},
-        CallFrame, CompletionType,
+        CompletionType,
     },
     Context, JsError, JsObject, JsResult, JsValue,
 };
@@ -37,36 +37,12 @@ impl Operation for Generator {
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
         let r#async = context.vm.read::<u8>() != 0;
 
-        let frame = context.vm.frame();
-        let code_block = frame.code_block().clone();
-        let active_runnable = frame.active_runnable.clone();
-        let active_function = frame.function(&context.vm);
-        let environments = frame.environments.clone();
-        let realm = frame.realm.clone();
-        let pc = frame.pc;
-
-        let mut dummy_call_frame = CallFrame::new(code_block, active_runnable, environments, realm);
-        dummy_call_frame.pc = pc;
-        let mut call_frame = std::mem::replace(context.vm.frame_mut(), dummy_call_frame);
-
-        context
-            .vm
-            .frame_mut()
-            .set_exit_early(call_frame.exit_early());
-
-        call_frame.environments = context.vm.environments.clone();
-        call_frame.realm = context.realm().clone();
-
-        let fp = call_frame.fp as usize;
-
-        let stack = context.vm.stack[fp..].to_vec();
-        context.vm.stack.truncate(fp);
-
-        call_frame.fp = 0;
-
+        let active_function = context.vm.frame().function(&context.vm);
         let this_function_object =
             active_function.expect("active function should be set to the generator");
 
+        let mut frame = GeneratorContext::from_current(context);
+
         let proto = this_function_object
             .get(PROTOTYPE, context)
             .expect("generator must have a prototype property")
@@ -88,7 +64,7 @@ impl Operation for Generator {
                 proto,
                 AsyncGenerator {
                     state: AsyncGeneratorState::SuspendedStart,
-                    context: Some(GeneratorContext::new(stack, call_frame)),
+                    context: None,
                     queue: VecDeque::new(),
                 },
             )
@@ -97,25 +73,29 @@ impl Operation for Generator {
                 context.root_shape(),
                 proto,
                 crate::builtins::generator::Generator {
-                    state: GeneratorState::SuspendedStart {
-                        context: GeneratorContext::new(stack, call_frame),
-                    },
+                    state: GeneratorState::Completed,
                 },
             )
         };
 
         if r#async {
-            let gen_clone = generator.clone();
+            let fp = frame
+                .call_frame
+                .as_ref()
+                .map_or(0, |frame| frame.rp as usize);
+            frame.stack[fp] = generator.clone().into();
+
             let mut gen = generator
                 .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
                 .expect("must be object here");
-            let gen_context = gen.context.as_mut().expect("must exist");
-            // TODO: try to move this to the context itself.
-            gen_context
-                .call_frame
-                .as_mut()
-                .expect("should have a call frame initialized")
-                .async_generator = Some(gen_clone);
+
+            gen.context = Some(frame);
+        } else {
+            let mut gen = generator
+                .downcast_mut::<crate::builtins::generator::Generator>()
+                .expect("must be object here");
+
+            gen.state = GeneratorState::SuspendedStart { context: frame };
         }
 
         context.vm.set_return_value(generator.into());
@@ -137,14 +117,13 @@ impl Operation for AsyncGeneratorClose {
 
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
         // Step 3.e-g in [AsyncGeneratorStart](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-asyncgeneratorstart)
-        let generator_object = context
+        let async_generator_object = context
             .vm
             .frame()
-            .async_generator
-            .clone()
+            .async_generator_object(&context.vm.stack)
             .expect("There should be a object");
 
-        let mut gen = generator_object
+        let mut gen = async_generator_object
             .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
             .expect("must be async generator");
 
@@ -162,7 +141,7 @@ impl Operation for AsyncGeneratorClose {
         } else {
             AsyncGenerator::complete_step(&next, Ok(return_value), true, None, context);
         }
-        AsyncGenerator::drain_queue(&generator_object, context);
+        AsyncGenerator::drain_queue(&async_generator_object, context);
 
         Ok(CompletionType::Normal)
     }

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/generator/yield_stm.rs

@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@ impl Operation for AsyncGeneratorYield {
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
         let value = context.vm.pop();
 
-        let async_gen = context
+        let async_generator_object = context
             .vm
             .frame()
-            .async_generator
-            .clone()
+            .async_generator_object(&context.vm.stack)
             .expect("`AsyncGeneratorYield` must only be called inside async generators");
         let completion = Ok(value);
-        let next = async_gen
+        let next = async_generator_object
             .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
             .expect("must be async generator object")
             .queue
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ impl Operation for AsyncGeneratorYield {
         // TODO: 7. Let previousContext be the second to top element of the execution context stack.
         AsyncGenerator::complete_step(&next, completion, false, None, context);
 
-        let mut generator_object_mut = async_gen.borrow_mut();
+        let mut generator_object_mut = async_generator_object.borrow_mut();
         let gen = generator_object_mut
             .downcast_mut::<AsyncGenerator>()
             .expect("must be async generator object");

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/get/argument.rs

@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ pub(crate) struct GetArgument;
 impl GetArgument {
     #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
     fn operation(context: &mut Context, index: usize) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
-        let fp = context.vm.frame().fp as usize;
-        let argument_index = fp + 2;
-        let argument_count = context.vm.frame().argument_count as usize;
-
-        let value = context.vm.stack[argument_index..(argument_index + argument_count)]
-            .get(index)
+        let value = context
+            .vm
+            .frame()
+            .argument(index, &context.vm)
             .cloned()
             .unwrap_or_default();
         context.vm.push(value);

core/engine/src/vm/opcode/rest_parameter/mod.rs

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ impl Operation for RestParameterInit {
     const COST: u8 = 6;
 
     fn execute(context: &mut Context) -> JsResult<CompletionType> {
-        let arg_count = context.vm.frame().argument_count as usize;
+        let argument_count = context.vm.frame().argument_count as usize;
         let param_count = context.vm.frame().code_block().params.as_ref().len();
 
-        let array = if arg_count >= param_count {
-            let rest_count = arg_count - param_count + 1;
+        let array = if argument_count >= param_count {
+            let rest_count = argument_count - param_count + 1;
             let args = context.vm.pop_n_values(rest_count);
             Array::create_array_from_list(args, context)
         } else {